A poroelastic model for hydrogels with yielding and healing

Zelai Xu, Tong Gao & James J. Feng

Soft Matter (submitted 2026)

Abstract - When applied in different geometries under different conditions, hydrogels may manifest two distinct aspects of their mechanics: poroelasticity in terms of interstitial flow and gel deformation, and structural remodeling in terms of yielding, degelation and re-gelation. In this paper, we integrate the two aspects into a single model. The poromechanics is described by the poroelasticity theory with boundary conditions governing interfacial transport. The structural remodeling is represented by the kinetics of bond breaking and re-formation, with the structural integrity being a determinant of the gel moduli and viscosity. In unidirectional flows that are dominated either by shearing or by compression, we demonstrate the ability of the model to capture both poroelastic and yielding dynamics, sometimes closely coupled together. In shear flows, we may observe interstitial flow in one of three regimes of gel network dynamics: nonyielding, yielding and degelation. In our setup of one-dimensional compression, transient structural damage heals in time into a steady state, which nevertheless shows spatial inhomogeneity as a result of a history of spatially inhomogeneous compression and interstitial flow. This model offers a basis for computing the flow and deformation of hydrogels in a wide range of applications.